Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay

Circumstances and end results Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay Money related emergency is characterized as a circumstance described by serious disturbances in the estimation of monetary foundations resources, their entrance to subsidizing or their customers trust, to the point of jeopardizing the budgetary frameworks maintainability (Argandona 2009). This paper will talk about the different likely reasons for Global monetary emergency and the preventive estimates that the UK government could take to keep away from or reduce the dangers of another emergency. Worldwide monetary emergency of 2008 came about because of some key and unwanted changes that occurred in the productive utilization of assets in America (Davis 2009, p. 1). As indicated by Davis (2009), a few changes that could be effectively seen were breakdown of data innovation and the regularly expanding globalization over the world. He has talked about in his article, the results of rise of Post Industrial Society in US which prompted an expansion in joblessness as the biggest bosses mo ved from assembling associations to support industry which later contributed as a reason for credit crunch. The paper will initially put the potential makes that drove the downturn in the money related situation of the different economies over the world lastly it will discuss the strategies that UK government can embrace to keep itself from the perils of next budgetary emergency. The paper reasons that while a few nations were generally influenced by the effect of emergency in 2008, there stay hardly any nations that figured out how to defeat the stun and endure in view of their approaches and the most ideal advances taken by them. The IMF remains tormented by philosophical questions about the scale and extent of its loaning and emergency related exercises. These questions divert the establishment from its job as a worldwide bank of last resort.(Truman 2006b, p. 532) Truman (2008) says that at the hour of unfurling of financial emergency, individuals from International Monetary Fund neglected to give any sort of help to the economies that necessary a momentary requirement for outer fluid assets. As indicated by him, one of the different potential causes was macroeconomic strategies of a few nations over the world that mutually holds the duty by and large for the emergency. He further remarked that simple money related strategies and monetary approaches of nations like US, Japan and others discounted the reserve funds pace of these nations and contorted the equalization of the budgetary framework and prompted a taking off of worldwide credit and raised the cost of houses. Collateralized obligation commitments ar e bonds eventually sponsored by groups of advances, for example, subprime mortgages.(Davis 2009, p. 103) Financial organizations had a decent measure of cash as outside trade saves so it began loaning cash to everybody at a low financing cost (Truman 2008, p. 23) and furthermore to the individuals who had no ability to return it back, that is, subprime contracts came into picture (Davis 2009). After a specific period, when the gracefully begun surpassing interest, lodging costs in US started to drop, contract holders found that the cost or estimation of their home was not as much as what they were inferable from the banks thus they began defaulting in high numbers and an ascent in abandonments was watched. Rise of post mechanical society, for example a move from assembling to support industry in US prompted enormous joblessness. With an end goal to improve profitability, organizations began eliminating work and at last modest number of talented works were left. So the opposition for gifted work expanded. With the emergence of characterized commitment benefits plan, the motivating force to adhere to a specific organization reached a conclusion. Furthermore, representatives began moving starting with one organization then onto the next. This new arrangement of annuity support prompted the development of common reserve industry (Davis 2009, p. 31) which brought about decrease in representative connection with the organization and expanded investment by money related foundations through shared assets. Securitization [altered the customary example of banking by] transforming resources into protections exchanged on business sectors (Davis 2009, p. 35). Along these lines of banking permits the bank to loan more measure of cash. One type of securitization was contract sponsored bonds (Davis 2009, p. 35). Deboer (2008, p. 5) says that any business bank must have roughly 10% of the aggregate sum of credit gave by it, in its capital resources. Numerous budgetary bodies g ave contract supported money related subordinates and in the end when the lodging costs began falling, the estimation of home loan sponsored protections declined too which thusly began making them bankrupt. Understanding this, banks began giving modest number and little amount of credits. This tied the credit circumstance firmly and along these lines lodging costs began narrowing further. In Eastern Europe, the significant explanation for the emergency was momentary borrowings (Aslund 2009) from numerous European banks in huge sums as a result of the security and wellbeing offered by such a large number of nations in Europe by setting a fixed swapping scale. This prompted swelling of costs since high measure of cash was streaming in. Likewise the nations like Ukraine began bringing in merchandise on high scale and therefore missed the mark regarding balance installment it owed to different nations. Absence of organization and guideline of the monetary segment is another reason disti nguished by Truman (2008, p.24). He says that the overleveraging of the budgetary framework occurred continuously in an exponential rising way more than quite a while, where poor management of the policymakers and the others answerable adulated the amazing development of the economy in its initial years when the indications of swelling were not important. After a timeframe, (Truman 2008, p. 24) when the budgetary establishments were left with no cash and had no ability to subsidize any further venture, the development mutilated and deleveraging started. He accepts that another conceivable explanation that may have had adjusted the market structure was the inadequately comprehended hazard related with the developments in the arrangement of new strategies in the budgetary establishments. Bergsten (2008) says that nations like UK ought to receive a monetary development program to dodge or outperform the impact of next conceivable money related emergency. Such program would include a push to build the residential interest and therefore causing a development of the exchange between nations. It likewise includes lessening the limitations of exchange on the fringe and inside the nation too. He says the best advance the pioneers of the G-20 could take is promise to embrace monetary upgrade programs adding up to at any rate 1 to 2 percent of the greater part of their national economies. Pioneers should attempt to think something innovative as opposed to accusing each other for the emergency. Bergsten (2008) proposes that UK alongside different nations must guarantee a help of in any event $500 billion each to improve the assets of IMF (International Monetary Fund) with the goal that it will aggregate great measure of riches and promise to help UK just as different nations a t the hour of emergency. He likewise proposes that a proficient working gathering should be framed inside the nations to break down and oversee budgetary guidelines intently. Budgetary dependability report from Bank of England (2009) states that banks ought to have adequate measure of fluid resources for decrease its reliance on momentary borrowings for financing non fluid resources. The Tripartite Committee containing the Bank of England, FSA (Financial Services Authority) and the treasury was considered liable for the emergency of 2008 by the staff of politics.co.uk (2009) in a report. They state that the Bank of England ought to be considered responsible for large scale financial management rather than FSA and that all the three should know their precise jobs and duties. The report likewise recommends steps like creating arrangements to stifle changes in monetary conditions, doling out British specialists to continually screen UK parts of global banks so that if any new strategy is framed by them which may influence the budgetary status of the nation in future can be stopped up at the perfect time, expanding the guidelines about the capital resources necessity for the bank so it appropriately surveys the advance borrower and award it to him just in the event that he can stand to repay it. Bergsten (2008) has advanced the possibility of a joint work or oversight of the FSA and the Bank. He feels that it would be compelling if FSA focuses on the conduction of the business and Bank centers around the fundamental issues. Amato (2009) communicates his perspectives saying that benefits whose worth couldn't be resolved were given triple-An evaluations by the rating offices and in this manner pulled in more financial specialists so UK government must guarantee that banks dont over depend on the FICO assessments (Bank of England 2009). Amato (2009) says protectionism ought to be expelled so all the organizations over the world can exchange effectively and openly in different nations with no obstructions. Recapitalization plot has been embraced by UK banks intentionally to raise cash-flow to furnish it with sufficient measure of protection against future dangers of emergency. (Bank of England, 2008) End Taking a gander at the different causes, we can infer that there were various explanations behind emergency in various pieces of the world. In the event that a nation structures solid strategies and takes choices that would be advantageous over the long haul, at that point it may have the option to shield itself from the unfriendly results of money related precariousness. Amato (2009) says that a nation needs to frame strategies remembering the advantage of its local market as well as of the entire world. All the nations ought to participate at the universal level and bolster IMF definitely. Nations like China, Malaysia and some Islamic nations were least influenced by emergency due to their solid strategies, great management and guidelines, capacity to foresee or distinguish money related variance

Business Ownership Essay Example

Business Ownership Essay At the point when a business is being set up, the proprietor(s) will choose what sort of business possession to follow. Business possession will modify for extension, risk and lawful purposes. In this task, I will address every classification of business possession, giving focal points and weaknesses notwithstanding business models. There are six unique types of business possession, these are: 3. Private Limited Company (Ltd) 4. Open Limited Company (Plc.) We will compose a custom exposition test on Business Ownership explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Business Ownership explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Business Ownership explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 5. Establishment 6. Co-employable Sole Trader A Sole Trader is any business possessed and constrained by one single owner. In spite of the fact that the business may just have one proprietor, the sole owner may utilize optional laborers. Sole merchants don't have a different lawful presence from their proprietor. Therefore, the proprietor is by and by obligated for the business’s obligation which may must be paid out of the owners’ individual capital-this is called Unlimited Liability. The primary thing expected to begin a sole ownership is to report your exchanging name. As straightforward as this sounds, one must be wary about picking a name as an inappropriate name can get you into challenges. In the event that you are going to work under an elective name to your own original name you should show the name of the proprietor and a location where reports and records can be served and at your premises. Plan letterheads, business cards and signage as needs be. The enrolling of a business name must be done through the National Business Register. Certain words and articulations, for example, universal, organization and enrolled are confined under the Business Names Act 1985 and the Company and Business Names Regulations 1995. Organizations House and the National Business Register have arrangements of these words and subtleties of how to get endorsement to utilize them. Your business name isn't permitted to be the equivalent or excessively like that of another business. On the off chance that this name conflicts the matter of another proprietor, you could confront legitimate activity from the proprietor of the different business. Check telephone directories, exchange diaries and magazines to guarantee against any conflicts. Additionally check records of the National Business Register. In the event that you yourself can't be certain that you have checked all names like your own, contact a specialist. A specialist will make every single essential check and furthermore ensure that no business later on won't struggle your business by exchanging under a name that is the equivalent or excessively comparable. Points of interest- There are barely any legitimate conventions in setting up a sole-exchanging business (the just one being to illuminate HM Revenue and Customs), which makes beginning one straightforward and speedy for anyone. Another preferred position is that enrollment charges are pointless and the dealer has full control of the running of the business. Additionally, keeping records and records is basic. Sole Traders can set their own work hours-this permits them to shuffle childcare or different vocations. Sole Traders additionally can settle on snappy choices as they have no one to consult with. Disservices Sole Traders have boundless risk. This implies if the business gets into a great deal of obligation, the trader’s resources (for example home, vehicle and so forth.) might be taken from them so as to make up the bank’s capital. Banks are hesitant to loan to sole merchants, as an outcome there will be an absence of subsidizing. The sole dealer additionally has full obligation regarding the business, which may bring about pressure. Another drawback is that they should create their own record for Inland Revenue. For what reason Would a Sole Trader Change to a Partnership? There are different reasons with respect to why a sole dealer would change to an association. In the event that a Sole Trader got effective, development could be simpler whenever gotten together with another person. The outstanding burden is shared between the accomplices, yet so is the benefit capital. In the event that one accomplice needs to venture into another field, it would be exceptionally useful to utilize a band together with ability in that specific field. Business Examples Duke’s (an effective inside work of art and designing sole dealer) would think that its favorable to venture into an organization on the off chance that he chooses to spread his business into outside beautifying, utilizing a band together with expertise around there. This would assist the business with expanding and remaining task at hand would be shared. The way that this outside decorator has experience somewhere else implies that this business can without much of a stretch spread into new fields. Another business case of a Sole Trader venturing into turning into an association is a fruitful handyman by the name of Webber. In spite of the fact that he is profiting by significant pay and picking his own working hours, his outstanding burden is getting a lot for him to deal with. It is consequently why he would need to share his remaining task at hand by getting an accomplice to both offer the outstanding burden in this manner diminishing pressure and to put capital into the business-permitting it to grow. Organizations An organization is fundamentally the same as a sole broker in that they have boundless obligation and are easy to set up. The main noteworthy distinction is that an organization may have 2 to 20 accomplices. An agreement called a deed of association is generally composed. This expresses the sort of organization, how much capital each gathering has subsidized, and how benefits and misfortunes will be shared. A ‘Sleeping Partner’ can likewise be associated with organizations these are accomplices that put resources into the business however don't manage the general running of the business. Focal points- There are barely any legitimate conventions in setting up an organization business, which makes beginning one basic and speedy for anyone. The outstanding task at hand is shared between the accomplices and if the accomplices go to an understanding or are companions, they will in general be adaptable with each other which makes the activity less unpleasant. Because of the business having a greater number of laborers than a sole broker, it has a superior possibility at producing different wellsprings of account, for example, that from credits and so on. Another bit of leeway is that, during times of nonappearance, for example, days off and occasions, the accomplices can cover each other essentially. Drawbacks Boundless obligation is a huge ruin in organizations, which implies that they are totally at risk for the entire business on the off chance that it owes cash to banks and so forth and in spite of the fact that banks will be more ready to loan to associations than sole merchants, they are as yet not anxious to do as such. Benefit capital is additionally shared between the association, implying that the more accomplices included, the less compensation they will acquire. Another burden is that any game plans or choices dependent on the business are lawfully authoritative to all accomplices. At last, an organization is ended on the off chance that one single accomplice bites the dust which implies that another association must be made after that one partners’ passing. For what reason would an association change proprietorship to a restricted organization? There are numerous beneficial reasons concerning why an organization would change proprietorship to a constrained organization. Right off the bat, they would have the option to raise additional capital through selling portions of their organization. Also, they have the additional preferred position of restricting their liabilities. Constrained obligation is a significant lawful security for investors as they just hazard losing the measure of cash that they have put resources into the business and not their very own advantages. When the business has changed proprietorship, this implies if the business comes up short, the investors just lose the cash put resources into the business; their very own benefits, for example, their house, are not in danger. This makes individuals all the more ready to put their cash in the business as the hazard is diminished yet shares can't be sold on the Stock Exchange. Another excellent bit of leeway is that the demise or renunciation of any chief doesn't influence the structure of the organization. This is a solid bit of leeway in light of the fact that the organization keeps on exchanging as in the past. Business Examples Envisioned left is a deed of organization. A deed of association is a legitimately authoritative understanding between the accomplices who are ready to go together. It depicts how the organization will be run, the privileges of the accomplices and the level of benefits every part will procure. Albeit at last an understanding between the accomplices, a specialist is generally recruited to review the last deed so any escape clauses are secured. A case of an association is Axholme domain specialist organization Grice and Hunter. In spite of the fact that Grice and Hunter will profit by having up to twenty accomplices permitted in this sort of possession to contribute capital and offer the remaining burden, the business would profit by speculators to extend. For instance, they might need to open a third, non-nearby, office in Doncaster. By selling private offers, they can raise the money to grow the business and furthermore decrease the hazard for investors with the advantage of Limited Liability. Another case of an organization is the Yorkshire Dental specialist Partnership-Holloway and Jones. This association is getting effective and has chosen to change possession to a Private Limited Company to raise enough capital from private speculators to move the business to an all the more top of the line business with its premises on Harley Street, London. Numerous other nearby organizations exist as they will in general be little scope organizations because of their boundless risk. More instances of these incorporate Lake and Marr (a neighborhood fish and chip shop) and Harvey and Scholl (a nearby paper shop) Constrained Companies The meaning of a Limited Company in general is that the responsibility for big business is partitioned into two halves called shares-the proprietor of any number of offers is known as an investor. The investors all have Limited Liability which implies that the firm

Tansgendered Essays

Tansgendered Essays Tansgendered Essay Tansgendered Essay Transgender Name: Course: Foundation: Teacher: Date: Transgender Section one Transgendered individuals are those with various sexual orientation practices from the ones identified with their doled out sex. For instance, an individual destined to be a male may create ladylike body parts. At the point when individuals are transgendered, they don't have a particular sex direction. This is on the grounds that they have blended attributes of both genders. This term was presented in 1970’s. It was utilized to allude to individuals who needed to change their sex direction. Afterward, it was made a general term to incorporate all individuals with various sexual orientation practices. They incorporate hetero, gay, androgynous and other sexual orientation recognizable proof. Accordingly, the clarification of this word is seen to be motion however needs to incorporate two head definitions. The first is it alludes to individuals who feel their sexual orientation doesn't bring their actual nature. The second is an individual birth sex doesn't relate with the basic male or female capacities. A transgender may have characteristics identified with a specific sexual orientation or adjust those that are outside the sex continuum (Lombardi et al, 2001). Transgender ID comprises of numerous classes, which some of them cover. They are transvestite, androgynes, cross-dresser sexual orientation strange. As a rule, individuals who are cross-gendered are for the most part transsexual. There is a gathering called transvestic fetishist is more viewed as even more a mental issue than a transgender personality. It has been seen that it is mind boggling to comprehend the sorts of transgender. This is on the grounds that a portion of the attributes of these classifications are cover. When discussing a transgender, it is well mannered to allude to them with a best name or pronouns regardless of their legitimate sex distinguishing proof (Clements Katz, 2006). There are a few impacts related with being transgendered. The primary impact is injury in the wake of acknowledging one is transgendered. Nobody would need to have sexual orientation variations from the norm. This is the reason the vast majority become damaged on the grounds that they wouldn't dare hoping anymore. This is trailed by feelings like displeasure nervousness, trouble, and abstinence among others. Others will feel miserable and despicable about themselves. This prompts withdrawal and separation from the general public. These passionate impacts could get extreme if not treated. In serious cases, a few people will endure gloom, which could result to self destruction. Forty one percent of transgendered individuals in the United States are accounted for to have endeavored self destruction. In Seattle, 20% or progressively endeavored self destruction were recorded. The examination likewise presumed that there is probably going to be an expanded pace of these cases (Dean et al, 2010). In some network setting transgendered, individuals are segregated. They are believed to be anomalous with unsatisfactory character. This masculine influences the gay network. Every one of these impacts are antagonistic and influenced individuals should look for clinical assistance right away. The primary phase of treatment ought to be mental. On the off chance that one is in a situation to complete physical treatment, they ought to feel free to do as such (American Public wellbeing, 2006). Individuals or are transgendered face numerous difficulties with respect to their conditions. The vast majority of them need to manage inward clashes about their definite personality. These are directed to mental disquiet since some have thought that it was difficult to acknowledge themselves. Psychological well-being specialists encourage such individuals to look for clinical assistance. The most suggested treatment for this issue is going to treatment. These treatments incorporate conversing with an authority or will advise people and help them to find support. The patients are permitted to speak straightforwardly about what they feel and think in reference to their circumstance. In extreme circumstances, transgender individuals can be analyzed for sexual orientation dysphoria. This is a condition portrayed with trouble, and an individual can't relate with others or work ordinarily. Ordinarily, the casualty endures despondency, and this is the reason the person gets pulled back (Ch ochran et al, 2002). Propelled clinical examinations have discovered answers for people who are transgendered. It is conceivable to address some transgender conditions through clinical medical procedure. For instance, hormones can be utilized to change the natural advancement of an individual. It is feasible for a lady to create bosoms on the off chance that she never had. Men with ladylike parts can have evacuated and supplanted with the suitable ones. Physical treatment is most best since it will aid mental recuperation of those in strife. At the point when a lady is worked and can have an ordinary organic and physical turn of events, she will find a sense of contentment with herself (American general Health Association, 2001). Section 2 The basis of doing this task depends on a few things. This subject is disputable among numerous individuals. The greater part of them don't comprehend it well thus; they wind up misconception ideas of this point. This is the reason this task has been done to reveal insight into a portion of the misjudged realities. These gatherings of individuals may not get enough assistance from their surroundings. This could be because of separation or obliviousness of the general public. This undertaking will assist such individuals with knowing what to do in regards to their conditions, for instance, looking for clinical help (Hughes Eliason, 2010). This undertaking is likewise valuable to the individuals who are not transgendered. Through the exercises, they will comprehend about this condition and change their discernment towards influenced individuals. This will apply to the individuals who have faith in segregating transgendered individuals. The venture will cause the members to comprehend t hat transgender is for the most part brought about by factors outside human ability to control. For instance, DNA is one factor that impacts this condition. Individuals are brought into the world transgendered and nobody ought to be decided for it. Understanding this reality may help individuals to quit separating transgendered individuals. Section 3 Framework Point The subject of transgender will talk about a few zones. For instance, its reality in the general public, consequences for the individuals, how to manage it and different issues. Conversation of this theme will furnish the students with significant information about this point. It will help the individuals who are influenced by this condition. Finding out about transgender will change people’s recognition about this issue (Nemoto et al, 2004). Title of the educational program The educational plan comprises of a few projects that will be done in this task. They incorporate exercises, which will help in finding out about the point. The exercises will be as per the following: Discussion gatherings, addresses talks, a meeting for enquiries, and the crowd will get an opportunity to talk. The conversation gatherings will assist the crowd with interacting with one another just as offer their encounters. It will likewise be a method for surveying how well the point has been comprehended. A calendar of these exercises will be readied. The timetable will be as per the following: Talk talks Discussion bunches Enquiries meetings Opinions and editorials from the crowd The intended interest group for this task is for the most part youngsters from the ages of eleven years to thirty years. Individuals in this age section are in the creating stages. Transgender signs are very much distinguished in the stages. As youngsters create, they face numerous difficulties. It is much increasingly hard for the individuals who are transgender on the grounds that they are viewed as irregular. They will figure out how to live with their overarching states. For the individuals who are not transgendered, they will be prompted on the most proficient method to live amicably with the transgendered. In this manner, this workshop will be amazingly useful to these individuals (Stryker, 1998). Teachers of this subject will be specialists from different vocations. They incorporate therapists and sociologists. Therapists are experts in the investigation of human conduct and other psyche illnesses. They have been decided to be teachers in this task since they have the necessary data. Sociologists are specialists in human turn of events. They comprehend about transgender issues, and they will be acceptable facilitators of this point (Boehmer, 2002). Objectives How transgendered and not transgendered individuals ought to relate. The most effective method to address transgender conditions. Issues looked by transsexual individuals Effects of transgender How to distinguish transgender conditions. Targets The members ought to be permitted to give instances of good relations among transgendered and the individuals who are most certainly not. In their conversation gatherings, they ought to examine how to tackle issues looked by transgendered individuals. In the wake of learning methods for revising transgender conditions, members may give extra arrangements. Nobody decides to be a transgender subsequently; these gatherings of individuals ought to be acknowledged by the general public and aided each conceivable way. More research and studies ought to be done about this theme. It will help individuals to get it and find far and away superior answers for controling it. The transgendered individuals should shape affiliation where they meet and get familiar with their conditions. These affiliations will likewise assist them with offering each other good and enthusiastic help. For them to conquer separation in the network, they are encouraged to be certain and idealistic about a superior life. Transgendered individuals are as equivalent as the rest subsequently they ought to be dealt with similarly (American general wellbeing Association, 2006). References: American general wellbeing Association. Improving transgender social insurance. American Journal of Public Health: June 2001, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 869-872. American general wellbeing Association. HIV pervasiveness, chance practices, human services use, and emotional well-being status of transgender people: suggestions for general wellbeing mediation. American Journal of Public Health. Vol 91 (6), 2006 Boehmer, U. Twenty Years of Public Health Research: Inclusion

California Cigarette Tax Price & Externalitie Relationship - 275 Words

California's Cigarette Tax: The Relationship between Price and Externalities (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course: Date: Californias Cigarette Tax The proposal to impose additional sin tax in California elicits varied reactions from health groups, the tobacco industry, and the state government. Actually, health groups support the additional tax on cigarettes, which is an indication of an endeavor to discourage smoking and sponsor health research and prevention programs. Equally, the state government supports the tax due to the fact that it provides an additional and sustainable revenue stream. Conversely, the tobacco manufacturers oppose the move due to the very simple reason that it directly affects sales and profits. Above all, the plan will cause direct and positive impact on productivity across the state. Using Incidence of tax to Address Negative ExternalitiesPrecisely, price elasticity can be thought of be the responsiveness of quantity of a good demanded due to a given change in price. Obviously, price change affects the quantity demanded of a product; co nsequently, it is imperative to understand the price elasticity of demand of cigarettes to decipher impact of a decision to enforce additional taxes. Price elasticity relates to the incidence of tax and makes it possible to use tax to address negative externalities related to tobacco products. The following diagram illustrates the relationship between price elasticity and use of tax to correct negative externalities.The Relationship between Price and Externalities  D1 S2 - SMCP2 f S1 - PMCP1 e D1 PMB-SMB q2 q1 From the diagram, S1 represents the original supply curve and private marginal cost (PMC). Private marginal cost refers to the extra cost that a smoker incurs from purchasing an extra pack of cigarette. At point e, the smokers private marginal costs as well as private marginal benefits (PMBs) are at equili brium. Here, a smoker derives maximum utility from the cigarettes. However, he or she does not cater for tobacco-related costs, such premature deaths and health fees from tobacco-related diseases. Therefore, the incidence of tax shifts prices to P2 that corresponds to the social marginal cost. At point f, the smoker is in a position to cater for the extra costs through taxation. Clearly, the additional tax on cigarettes has short-term and long-term implications. The immediate impact of the tax is an increase in the price of cigarettes. Of course, this reduces the purchasing power of smokers, which forces them to reduce their demand for cigarettes. On the contrary, one of the possible long-term implications of the additional taxes in California is increased life expectancy rates. For example, the state recorded an estimated 35,000 smoking-related deaths. In this context, supporters of the additional tax on cigarettes argue that a price increase from the taxes would save up to 100,00 0 lives annually. In addition, the state would save an average of 18.1 billion dollars, which is spent on direct and indirect costs of pre-mature deaths among smokers. In fact, pre-mature deaths rob the state its most productive segment of the population: young adults. Without a doubt, this group contributes to a relatively significant share of economic development at the statewide and nationwide levels. While the proponents of the proposed amendment base their argument on the costs of t...

Women s Rights And Representation Of Society, Media, And...

â€Å"23 The man said, This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called woman, for she was taken out of man. 24 For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh.†- Genesis 2:23-24 Women and men were created equally. The belief that women were the weaker sex has spread around the globe since the early days. From that condescending thinking, the stereotype that women are ‘inferior’ to men has developed; however in progressive thinking, women were created equally. As stated in the American Constitution, ‘All men are created equal’ therefore women should have equal rights and representation in society, media, and the workforce. The role of women has changed over time, but expectations have had a negative increase. Women have been hoisted up the ranks in society yet there are still numerous obstacles and barriers to overcome. Despite all this, women deserve to have the same opportunities as men. In the past, women were only represented as a whimsical damsel in distress. This controversial stereotype g ave some women inspiration to take a stand and demand their rights. Women have always been strong, both physically and mentally, however they have not been credited appropriately. Unbeknownst to many, women have been the masterminds of many great events in history, as well as many auspicious creations and inventions. Unfortunately, a number of these successful creations were not credited toShow MoreRelatedAdvancements in Womens Rights Over the Past 100 Years Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesMost cultures and societies through both history, and today have viewed women as the weaker sex†. Often they labeled unfit to perform many jobs outside of child bearing and domestic chores, even considered less intelligent than men are. In the past, this attitude translated into fewer jobs for women, below average pay, and poor working conditions. 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Author’s Background (about 1 paragraph) Susan Douglas is a woman herself, she has gone through the experience that many women have to go through. Because she, herself, is a woman, she is able to speak upon the subject with experience. She knows what she is talking about when it comes to women stereotypes. She is also a feminist academic, columnist, and focuses her writing on gender issues, media criticism and

Ethics Game Reflective Journal - 1042 Words

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The Relationship and Reputation lenses were used in the simulation to determine a solution to the ethical dilemma in policies and politics case. The Relationship lens focuses on whether the processes we have set up in our community are just and remind us that the connection between individuals make up a community. The Reputation lens focuses on whether we are demonstrating the virtues that are valued by our community for people who are in our role. Looking through the Reputation lens an act is considered ethical if it is consistent with ethical behavior. Using the Relationship and Reputation lenses I determined the best option for the scenar io, ensuring Yves access to Alan and notifying supervision that hospital policy was not followed. Ethical Lens Concepts Used In The Workplace In my workplace I face difficult ethical decisions associated with patient care and the policies set forth by the home care agency. 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Greek tragedy Essay Example For Students

Greek tragedy Essay He does not like the idea of Catherine turning into a young woman and moving on with her life so he makes her feel like she is doing wrong, and treats her like a child. Eddie only does this in his flat where he has power over Catherine.  The street symbolises Eddies loss of power that is why he can be confronted on the street more than in his flat. The street also symbolises American culture and Sicilian justice mixed together. In the street he is not the important man he wants to be, he does not have control over Catherine. Things that dared not be to mention in the flat as it represents Eddies point of view can be said in the street. The street is were Eddies power lacks you can see this by the questions he gets asked and the way hes spoken to on the street.  I dont believe it and I wish to hell youd stop it.  In the flat Eddie has power his will is supreme and in the street Beatrice and Catherine question his power.  When can I be a wife again, Eddie? The street exposes Eddies impotence; literally, in his sex life with Beatrice and metaphorically, Eddie cannot hold back the forces of change. His old fashioned beliefs cannot stop what is accepted in Modern American society, law, and justice. The street is where the fight that results in Eddies death takes place. Eddies death does not happen in his flat which is his area of power it happens in the street where it is visible to everybody. I get the impression that Miller does this because he wants to show us his lost power and the street symbolises his lack of power. Miller gives the impression that Alfieris Office represents American judicial law not family honour, revenge, or vendettas as in Sicily. In his office, Alfieri has power, not in his own right, but as the mouthpiece of the law. He links himself to other lawyers in the past.  Another lawyer, quite differently dressed, heard the same complaint and sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course.  In his conversations with Eddie, the two concepts of law and justice clash. Alferi cannot do anything to help Eddie, as there is no law against Catherine choosing to be with Rodolpho but he still fights for what he believes. Eddie has no power in Alferis office so he hence his anger. I know whats in his mind, Mr Alferi!  Through Alferi is playing the chorus; Miller makes it clear to the audience what is going on. The office scenes provide a pause in the action for the audience to think about what is going on. In addition, through Alfieri we are made to think more sympathetically towards Eddie as Eddie is loosing control, I think miller does this so the audients gets emotionally involved in the play, which captures the audients attention. Miller gives me the impression that the telephone booth is symbolic of betrayal and modern society. Miller uses the telephone booth as a theatrical device to make the audience think. It is were Eddies own impersonal betrayal takes place, as it was where Eddie phones the immigration bureau to hand in Marco and Rodolpho. American technology allows the betrayal to be impersonal. There is also a telephone booth. This is not used until the last scenes, but is visible throughout the play  Eddie says he lives in the neighbourhood and does not give a name.  Im just around the neighbourhood, thats all.  The action of betrayal is the worst thing you can do, according to Sicilian culture and beliefs.  Brooklyn Bridge is the divide between Brooklyn and Manhattan. Manhattan is where Eddie has no control over Catherine he fears of losing her. Manhattan is representative of American Dream. Rodolpho wants to go to Manhattan with Catherine but Eddie does not want Catherine to go there. .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d , .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .postImageUrl , .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d , .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:hover , .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:visited , .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:active { border:0!important; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:active , .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7907ac663edf7afde0f892cd17a8842d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In the romantic tragedy `Romeo and Juliet` EssayI would like to walk with her once where the theatres are and the opera. Since I was a boy I see pictures of those lights.  In Brooklyn, Eddie has a reputation for being honourable to start with but it changes towards the end of the play. Catherine wants to escape from Brooklyn, even though her new job is in Brooklyn but she feels imprisoned by Eddie. This is ironic as Eddie wants the best for Catherine but does not want her going to Manhattan.  Rodolpho and Marco illegally come from Sicily. Sicily is a place of poverty, it is Roman Catholic, and things are different for it is old-fashioned morals. Its more strict in our town.  Marco and Rodolpho make it sound idyllic compared to Manhatten, Manhatten is everyones dream. Yet, Rodolpho would not take Catherine there.  I will not marry you to live in Italy.  At the end, Eddie loses all his power this is shown by Eddie dieing in the street. The street is where Eddie lacked power the most anyway so there is no surprise there. We feel sympathetic towards Eddie at the end as he died as a result of him standing up for his justice.  Over all Millers use of places is much defined and basically involves around Eddie. There is a place where is power is strong bur this soon changes and a place where is power is weak i.e. Office and the street, and the telephone booth where he betrays his beliefs. Its the Greek tragedy repeating itself but with one family.

The Supernatural in Thomas Malorys Morte DArthur Essays

The Supernatural in Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur Sir Thomas Malory, although there isn't mu ch information about his life and death one knows that he is the author of "Le Morte D'Arthur". "Le Morte D'Arthur" is " the first prose account in English of the rise and fall of the legendary king Arthur and the fellowship of the Round Table. " 1 In "Le Morte D'Arthur" Malory incorporates previous poems and stories about the legendary king Arthur. But there is also a hint of supernatural forces and beings in the story. For example, the sword in the scabbard that could only be withdrawn by a man with "pure heart" or the episodes where people, who were sick, had to drink blood from "a fair maiden" or the man who was wounded had to drink the blood of his attacker and all of this in order to get better. This paper will focus on the supernatural aspect of Sir Thomas Malory's work "Le Morte D'Arthur" . The Arthurian legend is a legend who gave life to various interpretations throughout time; from medieval to modern prose and poems. In its essence the Arthurian legend is supernatural. The Excalibur which could only be pulled out of its stone by the knight who has never sinned nor betrayed anyone, only the knight with the purest heart and soul could pull out and deal with Excalibur's power. Excalibur is an integral part of King Arthur's legend . In the excerpt from the "English Medieval Literature: A Reader", Excalibur is still there, despite the fact that it is not named or the fact that it is not Arthur who actually pulls it out, but a knight who was imprisoned for slaying a knight. Balin, the knight who pulls out the sword of the scabbard, is warned that this sword would lead Balin to " ye sha ll slay with the sword the best friend that ye have, and the man that ye most love in the wor ld, and the sword shall be your destruction. " 2 Eventually, this is what happens. Balin, during his last fight, slays his brother, Balan, and Balan slays Balin. They can't recognize each other, because Balin left his shield and took a new one. Balin can't recognize his brother because he asked him since Balin never met " no knight that matched me " 3 . Although Balin, had many victories with this sword, in the end the sword led the knight to his destr uction, because Balin thought he could handle the sword. Personally, this reminds of an episode of the TV series "Charmed", where one of the three sisters pull out Excalibur out of its stone and the power of the sword went straight to her head and she almost, unlike Balin, killed her loved ones. The lady of the Lake is yet another supernatural element in "Le Morte D'Arthur". In the legend, the Lady of the Lake plays a pivotal role, because she gives king Arthur his Excalibur. However, there are two Ladies of the Lake in Sir Thomas Malory's "interpretation" of the legend. Nimue, one of the two Ladies of the Lake, is more important than the other. Even after Balin slays the second Lady of the Lake, Nimue continues to play that pivotal role as the original Lady of the Lake in the Arthurian legend. In "Le Morte D'Arthur" Nimue is presented as a "good, positive" character, whereas in the TV series "Once Upon a Time" Nimue is the first Dark One. As in the legend Nimue and Merlin are lovers and Merlin is the one who shows Nimue how to acquire powers, which she abuses and use them for dark magic. However, in the Arthurian Legend, Nimue or the Lady of the Lake, after becoming Merlin's apprentice, surpassing him and imprisoning him she leads king Arthur to his downfall . On the other hand, Merlin is another example for supernatural forces in Sir Thomas Malory's work . Merlin, just as Excalibur is an integral part of the Arthurian legend. Merlin is the good warlock, the one who helps Arthur in his battles. Merlin is the king's advisor. King Arthur unconditionally trusts Merlin because Merlin could see glimpses

The Writing Process Is a Numbers Game

The Writing Process Is a Numbers Game The Writing Process Is a Numbers Game The Writing Process Is a Numbers Game By Guest Author You would think that it would be a words game, but it’s not. It’s all about numbers. We’ve all seen different definitions of the writing process. One thing they all have in common, though, is that they begin with ideas and end with words on paper (or screen). While the normal stages: prewriting, writing, revising, editing, and publishing are important and should be followed, there is one topic that is generally not discussed. Numbers. Michelangelo said, â€Å"every block of stone has a statue inside it and it is the task of the sculptor to discover it.† Take a moment to focus on that image. Writing is the same process, with one caveat. As the writer, you must first create the block of stone. Only then will you be able to see the statue waiting to be released. How does one create the block of stone? Well, at the risk of sounding glib, just write. A successful piece of writing requires two ingredients: time and words. That may sound trivial, but it is more important than it seems. Editing and revising are the most important steps of the process. Sure, drafting is what everyone thinks about, but the magic of the process happens during the editing and revising. I wrote an as of yet unpublished novel. My most current draft clocks in around 50,000 words (the lowest word count for a work of prose to be classified a novel). I’ve been working on it for over two years, using it to earn an MFA in creative writing. To reach the 50,000 words of my draft I wrote, over the course of two years, over 200,000. When I shared this information with my advisor, she responded: â€Å"Yeah, that’s about right.† If you are bogged down with a writing project, creative or academic, there is only one way to advance the project. Write words, lots of them. And then go back. This article is clocking in around 500 words. To write it, this being my final draft, I have written around 1000. Words and time. Those are the two secret ingredients everyone is searching for. It’s the key to winning the numbers game. Words and time. What are you waiting for? C. Acevedo is a freelance writer and content producer. You can read more from him or hire his services on CLAcevedo.com. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"How to spell "in lieu of"Letter Writing 101

Community -oriented plan of care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Community -oriented plan of care - Assignment Example They can also learn to include all the coworkers and to involve the family members to help build support systems. The worksite can also learn to change Policy and Environmental approaches to making proper healthy choices for their employees and their families. In this part they will learn how to change food choices in the cafeteria and/or in the vending machines. They can also learn how to initiate on-site exercise facilities. In learning anything one must have the motivation to learn and to participate in the learning. What is motivation? It describes the forces acting on or within ways to maintain certain behaviors. It would depend on the readiness to learn. In learning about how to motivate workers to improve their health status in dealing with Heart Disease they learn about the necessary reinforcers, to see if their needs are still being met, to learn what experiences are causing the problem and how to change it, and also to see if they can identify the causes of the problem they are having. Are we motivated to make the necessary changes to improve life. (Redman, 1993) In working in sociocultural factors and heart disease and in forming learning activities one must learn about the formal and informal channels of communication between health programs and the community. We must learn about the barriers that may be the result of differences in cultural beliefs and practices. In writing this care plan for heart disease the community will learn how to make changes in their diets and exercise programs. They will learn how to check their blood pressure and to plan an exercise program that fits with their lifestyles. They will learn what will motivate workers to make the changes they are needed to improve their

The Unification of Nature and Man in Jack Turners Metaphor of Pelicans Essay

The Unification of Nature and Man in Jack Turners Metaphor of Pelicans - Essay Example The metaphor then becomes a unification of how men naturally are, as opposed to observing these as nature that is outside of those who are observing the birds. The observations that Turner makes about the pelican are related to specific attributes and parts of the character that this bird holds and which others don’t. Turner not only uses this to imply specific aspects of the bird from the natural perspective. There is also a connection to the descriptions and the desires which the author has to have these same attributes. Turner describes specific details about the pelicans, while leaving others out, specifically to show how these relate to the natural elements of men. The first concept which shows this is when Turner tells about the pelican in flight. â€Å"So although 19,000 feet is impressive, and no one knows how high pelicans can or do fly, the most interesting question is this: What are they doing up there? Soaring. Cackling. Yes, but why? I don’t think anybody knows, and this mystery, along with inevitable speculations, are a large part why I find them so appealing†. This particular passage is one that is only describing the nature of pelicans and the high flight which they take. However, Turner grabs onto this notion as one that is filled with mystery and an attribute that no other bird has. This becomes a metaphor for what the author desires, specifically because of the appeal which he has when describing this component of the pelican. This also links to the attributes which the author believes that every human has. The mystery as well as the ideal of being able to fly to places where others can’t find the birds becomes the desire which Turner also longs for. and believes is a natural human element that all have. Another application which Turner adds in when describing the birds is with the sounds that they make. This is first described with the sound and absence of sound that the birds have when they are in breeding season or when applying this to other aspects of their natural habitat. Turner states that this is not heard as often and is difficult to observe because of the mystery of the birds and the desire to stay away from humans. There is another reference which goes beyond this to show how the pelicans are quiet and when observed have different sounds that are distinguished. Turner takes the concept of the sounds that are with the birds and relates it to another attribute that he finds appealing. â€Å"The silence of pelicans, along with their great age, contributes to their dignity† (838). These types of statements show how the natural elements of the pelican relate directly to the fascination of the author. More important , it becomes a metaphor that creates a desire in the author to be similar to the pelicans and the dignity in which they have. The Pelican as Metaphor The concept of the pelican is one which Turner changes from description into recognition that there is a reflection of the human spirit in the pelican. The attributes and the way in which the pelicans live is one which is similar to what humans long for. The metaphor becomes one of what humans long for and is a reflection of their spirit. Turner states that the pelican becomes a metaphor

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Example for Free

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay In the human services field, personal ethical belief systems combined with professional ethics work in partnership to guide human service professionals in unraveling ethical dilemmas. An increasing number of professionals and clients seek out to define the fundamental policies of the human services field. Humans develop an integration of values, standards, and beliefs from birth throughout life. The values, standards, and beliefs developed through life assist in characterizing personal ethical belief systems. Our personal ethical belief system unites with our professional ethics to shape the ethical decision-making process. A code of ethics is essential to organizations in the human services field. A code of ethics identifies adequate behavior, endorses high standards of practice, supplies a standard to use for self assessment, and establishes a structure for professional behaviors and responsibilities. Human service professionals promote the integrity and ethics of the profession. As a result, it is crucial for a human service professional to stay educated and knowledgeable of the theoretical basis of their ethical belief system, other theoretical ethics, ethical and legal issues, and the ethical principles of their organization. Every person possesses a core system of values. My personal ethical belief system is derived from my core system of values, the people who helped shape those values, and the decision-making factors I use today to improve them as necessary. My parents, educators, Sunday schoolteachers, preachers, administrators, God, leaders, and many others in the community help shape my values and provide the basis for my ethical belief system. I articulate values in my associations with other people when I am loyal, reliable, honest, generous, trusting, trustworthy, feel a sense of accountability for my family, friends, coworkers, community, country, and the organization where I volunteer. My parents taught me to be a Christian person and to do what is morally right in the eyes of God. I met troubled times throughout my life, but I believe because of my strong morally sound background I could take those experiences and learn from them. My parents remain amazing role models in my life. I attend church and praise God every week as a reminder of why I keep my moral values and belief system close and dear to me. I choose to continue my education on many aspects in my life to assist in governing decision-making factors. As a proud citizen of America, I realize the discrepancy relating to laws and ethics. A law is a decree or government rule prepared to punish those whom disobey. Laws are consistent, universal, published, accepted, and enforced. Ethics is a sense of what is right and wrong morally. However, there is a difference between ethics and morality. According to Anstead, S. M. (1999), â€Å"Morality refers both to the standards of behavior by which individuals are judged, and to the standards of behavior by which people in general are judged in their relationships with others. Ethics, on the other hand, encompasses the system of beliefs that supports a particular view of morality. † The law often integrates ethical standards to which society subscribes. Most ethical decisions come with extensive penalties, numerous alternatives, varied results, unsure and personal consequences. My belief system is derived from my confidence that there is more to reality than what we see. I have faith in a spiritual side of reality beyond what we can see or experience. The basis of my ethical belief system comes from my values and those whom attributed to those values including my life as a believer in God and as a Christian. My metaphysiological view of theism supports my views of ethical absolutism. I found this quote interesting and supportive of my ethical belief system. According to Worldview Dictionary (2011), â€Å"Ethical absolutism is the belief that right and wrong are unchanging, not determined by the individual or the culture; revealed by God through both general and specific revelation. † Ethical absolutism follows one universal moral standard. God is infinite, everlasting, and never-changing. God set the laws of the land therefore I must abide by what is determined by God as right and wrong. God has revealed this truth through his creation and revelation. God is absolute. God created all people as equals. As a believer in God, I serve him through service to others and my community. I take on responsibilities of helping others in my community, volunteering, and donating goods. At all times I abide by these principles: worship only God, respect people, be humble, be honest, live a moral life, be generous with time, practice my views, do not criticize, judge, or condemn, do not hold a grudge, and forgive others. I believe it is right to resist temptation while knowing that evil lurks around. I believe one-day God will return and seek judgment for his people. To live morally and ethically divine is obligatory to have eternal life. As a person and professional, I understand and acknowledge that not all human beings embrace the same views as me and I respect the views of others. In the human service profession, my personal ethical belief system helps guide the work I do as a volunteer at Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center (WCPRC). At WCPRC the mission is to help women make life affirming choices. The services offered are free pregnancy testing, free limited sonograms, adoption referrals, abortion education, abortion recovery programs, and earn while you learn program for baby needs. I chose this organization specifically because it supports my beliefs on pro-life. Pro-life supports my beliefs as a Christian. I advocate providing women with education and alternatives to abortion. According to Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center (2012), â€Å"Through the years, Wise Choices, has been able to provide various kinds of help and â€Å"counseling† to the women of Wise County and the surrounding areas. We not only help the client, but family or friends of the client, in regards to the situation the client is facing. We believe we can make a difference in the lives of women, one at a time! As a Christian woman, I think that it is important to help clients who are abortion minded or abortion vulnerable see the opportunities they have to save the life they have created. As an advocate, I ask the client if she would like the opportunity to hear the gospel. If she accepts I can share the love God has for his children including the client and her unborn child. I also have the remarkable chance to ask the client if she wants to accept Jesus as her savior from sins. I explain to my clients willing to accept and hear the gospel that they may ask God to forgive them for their sins. It is also an occasion to talk to my clients about abstinence until marriage. Each of the values listed above guides me to be an advocate for the unborn child who is defenseless in his or her right to life. Often I am met with challenges, such as a woman who is pregnant from rape or incest. It is often hard to explain to a woman with traumatic experiences that it is still important to give birth to their child even in extenuating circumstances. Some of the hardest cases come from a woman who is abortion minded or vulnerable and has no interest in hearing the gospel. I go home and pray for the client, her family, and the unborn child. As a member of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS), the Code of Ethics is an important guidance tool in ethical dilemmas. The Code of Ethics is a set standard of conduct for human service professionals to consider in the ethical decision-making process. According to the National Organization for Human Services (2009), â€Å"Human service professionals respect the integrity and welfare of the client at all times. Each client is treated with respect, acceptance and dignity. Statement two is an ethical principle not difficult to adhere. As a human service professional the integrity and welfare of the client is my duty to advocate. I make a commitment to my client when I become his or her advocate, and that commitment involves seeking the best outcome for the welfare of my client. As a Christian I see all people as equal, and I treat others with respect and dignity at all times. It is important to remem ber that it could be me in the same situation. The NOHS Code of Ethics lists ethical principles that will not be hard to adhere. However, I found a one that might prove to be slightly difficult. According to the National Organization for Human Services (2009), â€Å"Human service educators uphold the principle of liberal education and embrace the essence of academic freedom, abstaining from inflicting their own personal views/morals on students, and allowing students the freedom to express their views without penalty, censure or ridicule, and to engage in critical thinking. † The portion of this statement that might be difficult adhering to is inflicting my own personal values if I were a human service educator. I know that I could refrain from inflicting my own personal values, but I find it would be hard. As a Christian, I think it is important to share the gospel and what it means to me. For example in an ethics class students reflect upon their ethical belief systems and where they originated from. I think if I were the educator it would be hard to refrain myself from speaking my own worldviews and morals to other students. However, as a professional it is important to follow the ethical standards set for the organization in which I am an employee, and the NOHS Code of Ethics. A Code of Ethics is guiding principles that apply to different aspects of life. Ethical standards pertain too many of the following general topics: the use of psychological tests in the courtroom, the lie detector, boundaries of competence, integrity, sexual harassment, human differences, and the legal definition of insanity. * The Use of Psychological Tests in the Courtroom- The use of psychological tests in the courtroom to support the testimony of experts ranges from commendable to problematic. There is a necessity for a reasonable practice of disclosure of psychological test information during trials and courtroom procedures, afterwards the material may be sealed. Psychological tests in the courtroom should adhere to ethical standards by telling the truth and not telling truth intentionally inaccurate. In Statement 28 of the NOHS Code of Ethics, human service professional’s responsibility to the profession is to act with integrity and honesty. My ethical belief system incorporates honesty and integrity at all times. The Lie Detector – After researching ethical standards of the lie detector, I found a Code of Ethics from the American Polygraph Association. The ethical standards stated included: rights of examinees, standards for rendering polygraph decisions, post-examination notification results, restrictions on rendering opinions, restrictions on examinations, fees, standards of reporting, advertisements, release of nonrelevant information, restrictions on examination issues, and APA oversight authority. Lie detectors establish the difference between a lie and the truth; if a person has nothing to hide a lie detector should be no problem. Lie detector use brought justice to families over the years, and continues to do so with respect to the rights of all persons who take the lie detector test. As part of my personal ethics it is essential in the justice system. In Statement 35 of the NOHS Code of Ethics, accountability is maintained by the human service professional. * Boundaries of Competence – Human service professionals are only to conduct research, teach, and provide services only within their boundaries of competence, based on personal experience, education, supervised experience, and study. Reasonable steps should be taken to ensure competence in areas emerging and training does not yet exist. My personal ethics system is important to practice my views. This relates to boundaries of competence I would not practice something I did not believe to be true. In Statement 40 of the NOHS Code of Ethics human service educators demonstrate high standards of scholarships and stay current with developments in human services. * Integrity – Accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness is a role all human service professionals abide by. Integrity is something I incorporate in my personal ethical beliefs and value system. Ethically it is wrong to steal, cheat, lie, fraud, or misrepresent a client or a friend. According to American Psychological Association (2012), â€Å"In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques. My belief in God’s written words of the Bible helps shape my ethical view on integrity. Statement five of NOHS Code of Ethics protects the integrity of client records. * Sexual Harassment – Sexual harassment is solicitation, verbal or nonverbal sexual behavior, and sexual advances. All people have a right to earn a living free from persistent and pervasive acts of sexual harassment. It is not right to threaten an employee’s self-worth, esteem, and possible advancement in the workplace. As a professional, conduct should compare to higher standards of integrity and safety in the workplace. Statement 24 of NOHS Code of Ethics states that human service professionals should report unethical behavior of colleagues. My personal ethical beliefs in this situation relate back to my Christianity and the laws of the land that an act of sexual harassment is not acting appropriately in the eyes of God. * Human Differences – Human service professionals create public trust through ethical and moral acts. Human diversity is one of those acts. It is imperative to be culturally sensitive to all individuals at all times. I promise to serve all people with the intent to protect their welfare without judgment of any kind. In my ethical beliefs God is the judge, and he will return to do that one day. Statement two of the Code of Ethics for NOHS says human service professionals treat clients with respect and respect their welfare, and Statement 20 refers to diverse backgrounds. * The Legal Definition of Insanity – In my ethical belief system a person who commits an act out of insanity is still responsible for what he or she has done. It is one’s duty to do what is morally right. Questions of right and wrong are paramount, and therefore as I believe absolute. Statement 37 of the NOHS Code of Ethics addresses the need for lifelong learning, and I relate that to this case as a responsibility the human service professional has to its client, as the person who commits a crime out of insanity has a responsibility to pay the consequences. As a member of Team C throughout this course relating to ethics and law in the human services profession we did a team presentation on deontology theory, as presented earlier in the paper. According to Alexander and Moore (2008), â€Å"The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos). This normative theory concentrates on what she should do from a moral standpoint. Deontology is a theory that helps to guide and access our choices in what we ought to do. † Deontology theory assumes at least three important features. The first feature concludes that duty should be done for duty’s sake. An example, acts of promise breaking, lying, or murder are wrong intrinsically, and it is the duty of humans not to do these things. Second, humans ought to be treated as subjects of intrinsic moral value; meaning an ends in themselves and never as a mere means to another end. The third feature is a moral principle is a definite essential that is universalizable; meaning it must be applicable for everyone whom is in the same moral situation. The theoretical basis of my personal ethical belief system falls under the deontology theory. Deontological theory claims the moral rightness or wrongness of an action does not depend upon the nature of its consequences, but on its intrinsic qualities. Deontology theory was founded by Immanuel Kant. Kant was motivated by the lack of a role for duty in Utilitarianism, something he believed to be the foundation of all morality. Deontology supports moral absolutism. Actions are either moral or immoral regardless of the beliefs of an individual, society, or culture. Morals of the universe are intrinsic in the laws of the universe and the nature of humanity. Therefore, the theoretical basis of my personal belief system as a Christian is supported by deontology theory. My belief in God supports ethical absolutism, deontology, and my personal ethical belief system.

Archimedes Essay example -- Biographies Bio Biography

Born the son of an astronomer, Phidias, in 287 B.C., Archimedes' education began as a young man in Syracuse. He furthered his education in Alexandria, where he studied with fellow scholar Conon, an Egyptian mathematician. What we know of Archimedes comes from his personal works as well as those of Cicero and Plutarch. However, "due to the length of time between Archimedes' death and his biographers' accounts, as well as inconsistencies among their writings, details of his life must remain subject to question" (Galenet 1). It is doubtless that Archimedes was the greatest geometer of his time, and he has not been paralleled since then. To imagine just how much knowledge he discovered, and the amount of intelligence he must have had to discover it, is practically impossible. "Archimedes' contributions to mathematical knowledge were diverse" (Galenet 1). He discovered the concepts of Pi, the area of a circle, wrote principles on plane/solid geometry, and developed a somewhat rudimentary form of calculus. In his dealings with plane geometry, Archimedes wrote several treatises, three of which survive today: Measurement of a Circle, Quatdrature of the Parabola, and On Spirals. It is in Measurements of a Circle that Archimedes reveals how he calculated Pi. Pi was found by using a theoretically simple method. Pi represents the number 3.14... In turn, 3.14 represents the circumference of a circle. In order to find this number, Archimedes started with the obvious: draw a circle. In this circle, he drew a six-sided polygon, with each vertex touching part of the circle. Similarly, he drew a hexagon on the outside of the circle, with each segment's midpoint touching part of the circle. He calculated the perimeters of both figures. Arch... ...subject of arithmetic, Archimedes wrote several essays, the only one of which surviving is The Sand Reckoner. In the essay, Archimedes proposed ways of determining the number of grains of sand in the universe. While the problem of sand was never solved, Archimedes has been found to be that one grain of sand in the universe that stands out against the rest. His greatness is still observed and learned about today by millions of students and scholars alike, all hoping for a glimpse into the mind of a genius. With history being such an inconstant, it is left to us to wonder if Archimedes was truly so magnanimous, and it is also left to us to hope that one day the rest of his works will be recovered. If such a small portion of surviving information could sway the world to such a magnitude, imagine how different our world would be if the rest of his works were uncovered.

Motivation and Employees Essay

Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the people’s behaviour can be – * desire for money * success * recognition * job-satisfaction * team work, etc| One of the most important functions of management is to create willingness amongst the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs. The process of motivation consists of three stages:- 1. A felt need or drive 2. A stimulus in which needs have to be aroused 3. When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals. Therefore, we can say that motivation is a psychological phenomenon which means needs and wants of the individuals have to be tackled by framing an incentive plan. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. These five needs are as follows- 1. Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life. 2. Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. 3. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongingness, and friendship. 4. Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types: internal esteem needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and freedom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention and admiration). 5. Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment. It also includes desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully satiable. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep cropping up to continue growing. According to Maslow, individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs. As each of these needs is significantly satisfied, it drives and forces the next need to emerge. Maslow grouped the five needs into two categories – Higher-order needs and Lower-order needs. The physiological and the safety needs constituted the lower-order needs. These lower-order needs are mainly satisfied externally. The social, esteem, and self-actualization needs constituted the higher-order needs. These higher-order needs are generally satisfied internally, i.e., within an individual. Thus, we can conclude that during boom period, the employees lower-order needs are significantly met. Implications of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory for Managers | As far as the physiological needs are concerned, the managers should give employees appropriate salaries to purchase the basic necessities of life. Breaks and eating opportunities should be given to employees. | | As far as the safety needs are concerned, the managers should provide the employees job security, safe and hygienic work environment, and retirement benefits so as to retain them.| | As far as social needs are concerned, the management should encourage teamwork and organize social events.| | As far as esteem needs are concerned, the managers can appreciate and reward employees on accomplishing and exceeding their targets. The management can give the deserved employee higher job rank / position in the organization.| | As far as self-actualization needs are concerned, the managers can give the employees challenging jobs in which the employees’ skills and competencies are fully utilized. Moreover, growth opportunities can be given to them so that they can reach the peak.| The managers must identify the need level at which the employee is existing and then those needs can be utilized as push for motivation. Limitations of Maslow’s Theory * It is essential to note that not all employees are governed by same set of needs. Different individuals may be driven by different needs at same point of time. It is always the most powerful unsatisfied need that motivates an individual. * The theory is not empirically supported. * The theory is not applicable in case of starving artist as even if the artist’s basic needs are not satisfied, he will still strive for recognition and achievement. HERZBERG’S 2 FACTOR THEORY In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioural scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of â€Å"Satisfaction† is â€Å"No satisfaction† and the opposite of â€Å"Dissatisfaction† is â€Å"No Dissatisfaction†. Herzberg classified these job factors into two categories- a. Hygiene factors- Hygiene factors are those job factors which are essential for existence of motivation at workplace. These do not lead to positive satisfaction for long-term. But if these factors are absent / if these factors are non-existant at workplace, then they lead to dissatisfaction. In other words, hygiene factors are those factors which when adequate / reasonable in a job, pacify the employees and do not make them dissatisfied. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors are also called as dissatisfiers or maintenance factors as they are required to avoid dissatisfaction. These factors describe the job environment / scenario. The hygiene factors symbolized the physiological needs which the individuals wanted and expected to be fulfilled. Hygiene factors include: * Pay- The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable. It must be equal and competitive to those in the same industry in the same domain. * Company Policies and administrative policies- The company policies should not be too rigid. They should be fair and clear. It should include flexible working hours, dress code, breaks, vacation, etc. * Fringe benefits- The employees should be offered health care plans (mediclaim), benefits for the family members, employee help programmes, etc. * Physical Working conditions- The working conditions should be safe, clean and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. * Status- The employees’ status within the organization should be familiar and retained. * Interpersonal relations-The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable. There should be no conflict or humiliation element present. * Job Security- The organization must provide job security to the employees. b. Motivational factors- According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be regarded as motivators. The motivational factors yield positive satisfaction. These factors are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. These factors are called satisfiers. These are factors involved in performing the job. Employees find these factors intrinsically rewarding. The motivators symbolized the psychological needs that were perceived as an additional benefit. Motivational factors include: * Recognition- The employees should be praised and recognized for their accomplishments by the managers. * Sense of achievement- The employees must have a sense of achievement. This depends on the job. There must be a fruit of some sort in the job. * Growth and promotional opportunities- There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. * Responsibility- The employees must hold themselves responsible for the work. The managers should give them ownership of the work. They should minimize control but retain accountability. * Meaningfulness of the work- The work itself should be meaningful, interesting and challenging for the employee to perform and to get motivated. | | Limitations of Two-Factor Theory The two factor theory is not free from limitations: 1. The two-factor theory overlooks situational variables. 2. Herzberg assumed a correlation between satisfaction and productivity. But the research conducted by Herzberg stressed upon satisfaction and ignored productivity. 3. The theory’s reliability is uncertain. Analysis has to be made by the raters. The raters may spoil the findings by analyzing same response in different manner. 4. No comprehensive measure of satisfaction was used. An employee may find his job acceptable despite the fact that he may hate/object part of his job. 5. The two factor theory is not free from bias as it is based on the natural reaction of employees when they are enquired the sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work. They will blame dissatisfaction on the external factors such as salary structure, company policies and peer relationship. Also, the employees will give credit to themselves for the satisfaction factor at work. 6. The theory ignores blue-collar workers. Despite these limitat ions, Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory is acceptable broadly. Implications of Two-Factor Theory | The Two-Factor theory implies that the managers must stress upon guaranteeing the adequacy of the hygiene factors to avoid employee dissatisfaction. Also, the managers must make sure that the work is stimulating and rewarding so that the employees are motivated to work and perform harder and better. This theory emphasize upon job-enrichment so as to motivate the employees. The job must utilize the employee’s skills and competencies to the maximum. Focusing on the motivational factors can improve work-quality.| McGREGOR’S THEORY X & Y In 1960, Douglas McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals (employees): one of which is negative, called as Theory X and the other is positive, so called as Theory Y. According to McGregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions.Assumptions of Theory X * An average employee intrinsically does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible. * Since the employee does not want to work, he must be persuaded, compelled, or warned with punishment so as to achieve organizational goals. A close supervision is required on part of managers. The managers adopt a more dictatorial style. * Many employees rank job security on top, and they have little or no aspiration/ ambition. * Employees generally dislike responsibilities. * Employees resist change. * An average employee needs formal direction.| Assumptions of Theory Y * Employees can perceive their job as relaxing and normal. They exercise their physical and mental efforts in an inherent manner in their jobs. * Employees may not require only threat, external control and coercion to work, but they can use self-direction and self-control if they are dedicated and sincere to achieve the organizational objectives. * If the job is rewarding and satisfying, then it will result in employees’ loyalty and commitment to organization. * An average employee can learn to admit and recognize the responsibility. In fact, he can even learn to obtain responsibility. * The employees have skills and capabilities. Their logical capabilities should be fully utilized. In other words, the creativity, resourcefulness and innovative potentiality of the employees can be utilized to solve organizational problems. Thus, we can say that Theory X presents a pessimistic view of employees’ nature and behaviour at work, while Theory Y presents an optimistic view of the employees’ nature and behaviour at work. If correlate it with Maslow’s theory, we can say that Theory X is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological needs and the safety needs; while Theory X is based on the assumption that the social needs, esteem needs and the self-actualization needs dominate the employees. McGregor views Theory Y to be more valid and reasonable than Theory X. Thus, he encouraged cordial team relations, responsible and stimulating jobs, and participation of all in decision-making process. Implications of Theory X and Theory Y | Quite a few organizations use Theory X today. Theory X encourages use of tight control and supervision. It implies that employees are reluctant to organizational changes. Thus, it does not encourage innovation.| | Many organizations are using Theory Y techniques. Theory Y implies that the managers should create and encourage a work environment which provides opportunities to employees to take initiative and self-direction. Employees should be given opportunities to contribute to organizational well-being. Theory Y encourages decentralization of authority, teamwork and participative decision making in an organization. Theory Y searches and discovers the ways in which an employee can make significant contributions in an organization. It harmonizes and matches employees’ needs and aspirations with organizational needs and aspirations.| MOTIVATION INCENTIVES – INCENTIVES TO MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES Incentive is an act or promise for greater action. It is also called as a stimulus to greater action. Incentives are something which are given in addition to wagers. It means additional remuneration or benefit to an employee in recognition of achievement or better work. Incentives provide a spur or zeal in the employees for better performance. It is a natural thing that nobody acts without a purpose behind. Therefore, a hope for a reward is a powerful incentive to motivate employees. Besides monetary incentive, there are some other stimuli which can drive a person to better. This will include job satisfaction, job security, job promotion, and pride for accomplishment. Therefore, incentives really can sometimes work to accomplish the goals of a concern. The need of incentives can be many:- 1. To increase productivity, 2. To drive or arouse a stimulus work, 3. To enhance commitment in work performance, 4. To psychologically satisfy a person which leads to job satisfaction, 5. To shape the behavior or outlook of subordinate towards work, 6. To inculcate zeal and enthusiasm towards work, 7. To get the maximum of their capabilities so that they are exploited and utilized maximally. Therefore, management has to offer the following two categories of incentives to motivate employees:- 1. Monetary incentives- Those incentives which satisfy the subordinates by providing them rewards in terms of rupees. Money has been recognized as a chief source of satisfying the needs of people. Money is also helpful to satisfy the social needs by possessing various material items. Therefore, money not only satisfies psychological needs but also the security and social needs. Therefore, in many factories, various wage plans and bonus schemes are introduced to motivate and stimulate the people to work. 2. Non-monetary incentives- Besides the monetary incentives, there are certain non-financial incentives which can satisfy the ego and self- actualization needs of employees. The incentives which cannot be measured in terms of money are under the category of â€Å"Non- monetary incentivesâ⠂¬ . Whenever a manager has to satisfy the psychological needs of the subordinates, he makes use of non-financial incentives. Non- financial incentives can be of the following types:- a. Security of service- Job security is an incentive which provides great motivation to employees. If his job is secured, he will put maximum efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. This also helps since he is very far off from mental tension and he can give his best to the enterprise. b. Praise or recognition- The praise or recognition is another non- financial incentive which satisfies the ego needs of the employees. Sometimes praise becomes more effective than any other incentive. The employees will respond more to praise and try to give the best of their abilities to a concern. c. Suggestion scheme- The organization should look forward to taking suggestions and inviting suggestion schemes from the subordinates. This inculcates a spirit of participation in the employees. This can be done by publishing various articles written by employees to improve the work environment which can be published in various magazines of the company. This also is helpful to motivate the employees to feel important and they can also be in search for innovative methods which can be applied for better work methods. This ultimately helps in growing a concern and adapting new methods of operations. d. Job enrichment- Job enrichment is another non- monetary incentive in which the job of a worker can be enriched. This can be done by increasing his responsibilities, giving him an important designation, increasing the content and nature of the work. This way efficient worker can get challenging jobs in which they can prove their worth. This also helps in the greatest motivation of the efficient employees. e. Promotion opportunities- Promotion is an effective tool to increase the spirit to work in a concern. If the employees are provided opportunities for the advancement and growth , they feel satisfied and contented and they become more committed to the organization. The above non- financial tools can be framed effectively by giving due concentration to the role of employees. A combination of financial and non- financial incentives help together in bringing motivation and zeal to work in a concern. Positive IncentivesPositive incentives are those incentives which provide a positive assurance for fulfilling the needs and wants. Positive incentives generally have an optimistic attitude behind and they are generally given to satisfy the psychological requirements of employees. For example-promotion, praise, recognition, perks and allowances, etc. It is positive by nature.Negative IncentivesNegative incentives are those whose purpose is to correct the mistakes or defaults of employees. The purpose is to rectify mistakes in order to get effective results. Negative incentive is generally resorted to when positive incentive does not works and a psychological set back has to be given to employees. It is negative by nature. For example- demotion, transfer , fines, penalties.| THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- 1. Puts human resources into action Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by building willingness in employees to work. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources. 2. Improves level of efficiency of employees The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. This will result into- a. Increase in productivity, b. Reducing cost of operations, and c. Improving overall efficiency. 3. Leads to achievement of organizational goals The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place :- d. There is best possible utilization of resources, e. There is a co-operative work environment, f. The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner, g. Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation. 4. Builds friendly relationship Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction. This can be done by keeping into mind and framing an incentive plan for the benefit of the employees. This could initiate the following things: h. Monetary and non-monetary incentives, i. Promotion opportunities for employees, j. Disincentives for inefficient employees. In order to build a cordial, friendly atmosphere in a concern, the above steps should be taken by a manager. This would help in: a. Effective co-operation which brings stability, b. Industrial dispute and unrest in employees will reduce, c. The employees will be adaptable to the changes and there will be no resistance to the change, d. This will help in providing a smooth and sound concern in which individual interests will coincide with the organizational interests, e. This will result in profit maximization through increased productivity. 1. Leads to stability of work force Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern. The employees can remain loyal to the enterprise only when they have a feeling of participation in the management. The skills and efficiency of employees will always be of advantage to employees as well as employees. This will lead to a good public image in the market which will attract competent and qualified people into a concern. As it is said, â€Å"Old is gold† which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise. From the above discussion, we can say that motivation is an internal feeling which can be understood only by manager since he is in close contact with the employees. Needs, wants and desires are inter-related and they are the driving force to act. These needs can be understood by the manager and he can frame motivation plans accordingly. We can say that motivation therefore is a continuous process since motivation process is based on needs which are unlimited. The process has to be continued throughout. We can summarize by saying that motivation is important both to an individual and a business. Motivation is important to an individual as: 1. Motivation will help him achieve his personal goals. 2. If an individual is motivated, he will have job satisfaction. 3. Motivation will help in self-development of individual. 4. An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Similarly, motivation is important to a business as: 1. The more motivated the employees are, the more empowered the team is. 2. The more is the team work and individual employee contribution, more profitable and successful is the business. 3. During period of amendments, there will be more adaptability and creativity. 4. Motivation will lead to an optimistic and challenging attitude at work place. Staff Motivation – Motivation Tips for Employees Employees are the building blocks of an organization. Organizational success depends on the collective efforts of the employees. The employees will collectively contribute to organizational growth when they are motivated. Below mentioned are some tips for motivating the staff / employees in an organization: Evaluate yourself- In order to motivate, encourage and control your staff’s behaviour, it is essential to understand, encourage and control your own behaviour as a manager. Work upon utilizing your strengths and opportunities to neutralize and lower the negative impact of your weaknesses and organizational threats. The manager should adopt the approach â€Å"You’re OK – I’m OK†. Be familiar with your staff- The manager should be well acquainted with his staff. The more and the better he knows his staff, the simpler it is to get them involved in the job as well as in achieving the team and organizational goals. This will also invite staff’s commitment and loyalty. A cordial superior-subordinate relationship is a key factor in job-satisfaction. Provide the employees certain benefits- Give your staff some financial and other benefits. Give them bonuses, pay them for overtime, and give them health and family insurance benefits. Make sure they get breaks from work. Let them enjoy vacations and holidays. Participate in new employees induction programme- Induction proceeds with recruitment advertising. At this point of time, the potential entrants start creating their own impressions and desires about the job and the organization. The manner in which the selection is conducted and the consequent recruitment process will either build or damage the impression about the job and organization. Thus, the manager must have a say in framing the advertisement and also in the selection and recruitment process. After the decision about the candidate is made, the manager must take personal interest in the selected joinee’s joining date, the family relocation issues, cost of removal, etc. Being observed by the new recruit and your entire team / staff to be involved completely, will ensure a persuasive entry in the organization. Provide feedback to the staff constantly- The staff members are keen to know how they are performing. Try giving a regular and constructive feedback to your staff. This will be more acceptable by the staff. Do not base the feedback on assumptions, but on facts and personal observations. Do not indulge in favouritism or comparing the employee with some one else. Sit with your staff on daily or weekly basis and make sure that feedback happens. This will help in boosting employee’s morale and will thus motivate the staff. Acknowledge your staff on their achievements- A pat on the back, some words of praise, and giving a note of credit to the employee / staff member at personal level with some form of broad publicity can motivate the staff a lot. Make it a point to mention the staff’s outstanding achievements in official newsletters or organization’s journal. Not only acknowledge the employee with highest contribution, but also acknowledge the employee who meets and over exceeds the targets. Ensure effective time management- Having control over time ensures that things are done in right manner. Motivate your staff to have â€Å"closed† times, i.e., few hours when there are no interruptions for the staff in performing their job role so that they can concentrate on the job, and â€Å"open† times when the staff freely communicate and interact. Plan one to one sessions of interaction with your staff where they can ask their queries and also can get your attention and, thereby, they will not feel neglected. This all will work in long run to motivate the staff. Have stress management techniques in your organization- Create an environment in which you and your staff can work within optimum pressure levels. Ensure an optimistic attitude towards stress in the workplace. Have training sessions on stress management, and ensure a follow-up with group meetings on the manner stress can be lowered at work. Give your staff autonomy in work. Identify the stress symptoms in employees and try to deal with them. Smile often- Smiling can have a tremendous effect on boosting the morale of the staff. A smiling superior creates an optimistic and motivating work environment. Smiling is an essential component of the body language of confidence, acceptance and boldness. Smile consistently, naturally and often, to demonstrate that you feel good and positive about the staff who works for you. It encourages new ideas and feedback from the staff. The staff does not feel hesitant and threatened to discuss their views this way. Listen effectively- Listening attentively is a form of recognizing and appreciating the person who is talking. Reciprocal / Mutual listening develops cordial and healthy personal relationships on which the employee / staff development rests. If the managers do not listen attentively to the subordinates, the morale of the subordinates lowers down and they do not feel like sharing their ideas or giving their views. Effective listening by the manager boosts up the employees’ morale and thus motivates them. Ensure effective communication- In order to motivate your staff, indulge in effective communication such as avoid using anger expressions, utilize questioning techniques to know staff’s mindset and analysis rather than ordering the staff what to do, base your judgements on facts and not on assumptions, use relaxed and steady tone of voice, listen effectively and be positive and helpful in your responses. Share your views with the staff. Develop and encourage creativity- The staff should be encouraged to develop the creativity skills so as to solve organizational problems. Give them time and resources for developing creativity. Let them hold constant brainstorming sessions. Invite ideas and suggestions from the staff. They may turn out to be very productive. Don’t be rigid. Be flexible- Introduce flexibility in work. Allow for flexible working hours if possible. Let the employees work at home occasionally if need arises. Do not be rigid in accepting ideas from your staff. Stimulate flexible attitudes in the employees who are accountable to you by asking what changes they would like to bring about if given a chance. Adopt job enrichment- Job enrichment implies giving room for a better quality of working life. It means facilitating people to achieve self-development, fame and success through a more challenging and interesting job which provides more promotional and advancement opportunities. Give employees more freedom in job, involve them in decision-making process, show them loyalty and celebrate their achievements Respect your team- Respect not only the employees’ rights to share and express their views, and to be themselves, but their time too. This will ensure that the employees respect you and your time. Make the staff feel that they are respected not just as employees / workers but as individuals too.